Jeffrey Epstien



Jeffrey Edward Epstein (/ˈɛpstiːn/ EP-steen;[1]  January 20, 1953 – August 10, 2019) was an American financier and convicted sex offender.[2] [3]  Epstein began his professional life as a teacher but then switched to the banking and finance sector in various roles, working at Bear Stearns before forming his own firm. He developed an elite social circle and procured women and many underage girls who were then sexually abused by Epstein and some of these contacts.[3] [4] [5]

In 2005, police in Palm Beach, Florida began investigating Epstein after a parent complained that he had sexually abused her 14-year-old daughter.[6]  Epstein pleaded guilty and was convicted in 2008 by a Florida state court of procuring an underage girl for prostitution and of soliciting a prostitute.[7]  He served almost 13 months in custody, but with extensive work release. He was convicted of only these two crimes as part of a plea deal; federal officials had in fact identified 36 girls, some as young as 14 years old, whom Epstein had sexually abused.[8] [9]

Epstein was arrested again on July 6, 2019 on federal charges for the sex trafficking of minors in Florida and New York.[10] [11]  He died in his jail cell on August 10, 2019.[12]  The medical examiner ruled the death a suicide,[13]  although Epstein's lawyers have disputed the ruling.[14] [15]  Because his death eliminates the possibility of pursuing criminal charges, a judge dismissed all criminal charges on August 29, 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-epsteinclosed_16-0">[16] <sup id="cite_ref-epsteinreutersdismiss_17-0">[17]

Early Life
Epstein was born in 1953 in the New York City borough of Brooklyn to Jewish parents<sup id="cite_ref-jpost_18-0">[18] <sup id="cite_ref-19">[19]  Pauline (née Stolofsky, 1918–2004)<sup id="cite_ref-20">[20]  and Seymour G. Epstein (1916–1991).<sup id="cite_ref-:31_21-0">[21]  His parents were married in 1952, shortly before his birth.<sup id="cite_ref-:31_21-1">[21]  Pauline worked as a school aide and was a homemaker.<sup id="cite_ref-:31_21-2">[21] <sup id="cite_ref-:24_22-0">[22]  Seymour Epstein worked for the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation as a groundskeeper and gardener.<sup id="cite_ref-:31_21-3">[21] <sup id="cite_ref-jpost_18-1">[18]  Jeffrey Epstein was the older of two siblings. Epstein and his brother Mark grew up in the middle-class neighborhood of Sea Gate, Coney Island, Brooklyn.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_22-1">[22]

Epstein attended local public schools, first Public School 188 and then Mark Twain Junior High School nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_22-2">[22]  In 1967, Epstein attended the National Music Camp at the Interlochen Center for the Arts.<sup id="cite_ref-23">[23]  He was a talented musician who learned to play the piano when he was five.<sup id="cite_ref-Vanity_Fair_24-0">[24]  He graduated in 1969 from Lafayette High School at age 16, having skipped two grades.<sup id="cite_ref-Daily_Beast_0712_25-0">[25] <sup id="cite_ref-nymag_26-0">[26]  Later that year, he attended classes at Cooper Union until he changed colleges in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-Daily_Beast_0712_25-1">[25]  From September 1971, he attended the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences at New York University, but left without receiving a degree in June 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-Daily_Beast_0712_25-2">[25] <sup id="cite_ref-nymag_26-1">[26]

Teaching
Epstein started working in September 1974 as a physics and mathematics teacher for teens at the Dalton School on the Upper East Side of Manhattan.<sup id="cite_ref-Daily_Beast_0712_25-3">[25] <sup id="cite_ref-baker1_27-0">[27]  He was hired by Donald Barr<sup id="cite_ref-NYTBarrHiredDalton_28-0">[28] <sup id="cite_ref-ForbesBarrDalton_29-0">[29]  (father of U.S. Attorney General William Barr), who was the headmaster until June 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-30">[30] <sup id="cite_ref-baker1_27-1">[27] <sup id="cite_ref-:6_31-0">[31] <sup id="cite_ref-ForbesBarrDalton_29-1">[29]  Epstein taught at the exclusive private school from the fall of 1974 until he was dismissed in June 1976 for "poor performance".<sup id="cite_ref-baker1_27-2">[27] <sup id="cite_ref-32">[32] <sup id="cite_ref-33">[33]  While teaching at the school, Epstein became acquainted with Alan Greenberg, the chief executive officer of Bear Stearns, whose son and daughter were going to the school. Greenberg's daughter, Lynne Koeppel, pointed to a parent-teacher conference where Epstein influenced another Dalton parent into advocating for him to Greenberg.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_31-1">[31]  Greenberg, impressed with Epstein's intelligence and drive for financial success, offered him a job at Bear Stearns.<sup id="cite_ref-Vanity_Fair_24-1">[24] <sup id="cite_ref-:23_34-0">[34]

Banking


Epstein joined Bear Stearns in 1976 and learned the art of finance and trade on Wall Street in New York City.

Epstein joined Bear Stearns in 1976 as a low-level junior assistant to a floor trader.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_35-0">[35]  He swiftly moved up to become an options trader, working in the special products division, and then advised the bank's wealthiest clients, such as Seagram president [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Bronfman_Sr. Edgar Bronfman], on tax mitigation strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-nymag_26-2">[26] <sup id="cite_ref-36">[36] <sup id="cite_ref-37">[37]  Jimmy Cayne, the bank's later chief executive officer, praised Epstein's skill with wealthy clients and complex products. In 1980, four years after joining Bear Stearns, Epstein became a limited partner.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_35-1">[35]

In 1981, he was asked to leave Bear Stearns for, according to his sworn testimony, being guilty of a "reg d violation".<sup id="cite_ref-DailyBeastWarned2003_38-0">[38] <sup id="cite_ref-nymag_26-3">[26] <sup id="cite_ref-Vanity_Fair_24-2">[24]  Even though Epstein departed abruptly, he remained close to Cayne and Greenberg and was a client of Bear Stearns until it collapsed in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_35-2">[35]

Financial consulting


Epstein in 1980

In August 1981, Epstein founded his own consulting firm, Intercontinental Assets Group Inc. (IAG),<sup id="cite_ref-USAToday071419_39-0">[39]  which assisted clients in recovering stolen money from fraudulent brokers and lawyers.<sup id="cite_ref-Vanity_Fair_24-3">[24]  Epstein described his work at this time as being a high-level bounty hunter. He told friends that he worked sometimes as a consultant for governments and the very wealthy to recover embezzled funds, while at other times he worked for clients who had embezzled funds.<sup id="cite_ref-Vanity_Fair_24-4">[24] <sup id="cite_ref-40">[40]  Ana Obregón was one such wealthy Spanish client, whom Epstein helped in 1982 to recover her father's millions in lost investments, which had disappeared when Drysdale Government Securities collapsed because of fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-41">[41]

Epstein also stated to some people at the time that he was an intelligence agent.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_42-0">[42] <sup id="cite_ref-:21_43-0">[43]  Whether this statement was truthful is not clear. During the 1980s, Epstein possessed an Austrian passport that had his photo but a false name. The passport showed his place of residence in Saudi Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_44-0">[44] <sup id="cite_ref-:15_45-0">[45]  Investigative journalist Vicky Ward said she was told in 2017 by "a former senior White House official" that U.S. Florida District Attorney Alexander Acosta, who handled Epstein's criminal case in 2008, said to Trump transition interviewers "I was told Epstein 'belonged to intelligence' and to leave it alone" and that Epstein was "above his pay grade".<sup id="cite_ref-DBEpsteinIntelligence_46-0">[46]

During this period, one of Epstein's clients was the Saudi Arabian businessman Adnan Khashoggi, who was the middleman in transferring American weapons from Israel to Iran, as part of the Iran–Contra affair in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_4-1">[4]  Khashoggi was one of several defense contractors that he knew.<sup id="cite_ref-Vanity_Fair_24-5">[24] <sup id="cite_ref-:22_42-1">[42]  In the mid-1980s, Epstein traveled multiple times between the United States, Europe, and Southwest Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_44-1">[44] <sup id="cite_ref-:15_45-1">[45]  While in London, Epstein met Steven Hoffenberg. They had been introduced through Douglas Leese, a defense contractor, and John Mitchell, the former U.S. Attorney General.<sup id="cite_ref-Vanity_Fair_24-6">[24]

Tower Financial Corporation


In 1987, Hoffenberg and Epstein unsuccessfully tried to take over Pan Am in a corporate raid.

Steven Hoffenberg hired Epstein in 1987, as a consultant for Tower Financial Corporation (unaffiliated with the company of the same name founded in 1998, and acquired by Old National Bancorp in 2014),<sup id="cite_ref-47">[47]  a collection agency that bought debts people owed to hospitals, banks, and phone companies.<sup id="cite_ref-48">[48] <sup id="cite_ref-Illusion-NYT_49-0">[49]  Hoffenberg set Epstein up in offices in the Villard House and paid him US$25,000 per month for his consulting work (equivalent to $55,000 in 2018).<sup id="cite_ref-Vanity_Fair_24-7">[24]

Hoffenberg and Epstein then refashioned themselves as corporate raiders using Tower Financial as their raiding vessel. One of Epstein's first assignments for Hoffenberg was to implement what turned out to be an unsuccessful bid to take over Pan American World Airways in 1987. A similar unsuccessful bid in 1988 was made to take over Emery Air Freight Corp. During this period, Hoffenberg and Epstein worked closely together and traveled everywhere on Hoffenberg's private jet.<sup id="cite_ref-Vanity_Fair_24-8">[24]

In 1993, Tower Financial Corporation imploded as one of the biggest Ponzi schemes in American history which lost its investors over US$450 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Vanity_Fair_24-9">[24]  In court documents, Hoffenberg claimed that Epstein was intimately involved in the scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-50">[50] <sup id="cite_ref-51">[51]  Epstein left the company by 1989 before it collapsed and was never charged for being involved with the massive investor fraud committed. It is unknown if Epstein acquired any stolen funds from the Tower Ponzi scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-Vanity_Fair_24-10">[24]

Financial management firm


Epstein managed Wexner's wealth and different projects such as the building of his yacht the Limitless.<sup id="cite_ref-Vanity_Fair_24-11">[24]

In 1988, while Epstein was still consulting for Hoffenberg, he founded his own financial management firm, J. Epstein & Company.<sup id="cite_ref-Illusion-NYT_49-1">[49] <sup id="cite_ref-USAToday071419_39-1">[39]  The company was said by Epstein to have been formed to manage the assets of clients with more than US$1 billion in net worth, although others have expressed skepticism that he was this restrictive in the clients he took.<sup id="cite_ref-nymag_26-4">[26]

The only publicly known billionaire client of Epstein was Leslie Wexner, chairman and CEO of L Brands (formerly The Limited, Inc.) and Victoria's Secret.<sup id="cite_ref-Vanity_Fair_24-12">[24] <sup id="cite_ref-52">[52]  In 1986, Epstein met Wexner through their mutual acquaintances, insurance executive Robert Meister and his wife, in Palm Beach, Florida. A year later, Epstein became Wexner's financial adviser and served as his right-hand man. Within the year, Epstein had sorted out Wexner's entangled finances.<sup id="cite_ref-nymag_26-5">[26] <sup id="cite_ref-:5_53-0">[53]  In July 1991, Wexner granted Epstein full power of attorney over his affairs. The power of attorney allowed Epstein to hire people, sign checks, buy and sell properties, borrow money, and do anything else of legally binding nature on Wexner's behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-:29_54-0">[54]

By 1995, Epstein was a director of the Wexner Foundation and Wexner Heritage Foundation. He was also the president of Wexner's Property, which developed the town of New Albany outside Columbus, Ohio where Wexner lived. Epstein made millions in fees by managing Wexner's financial affairs. Although never employed by L Brands, he corresponded frequently with the company executives. Epstein often attended Victoria's Secret fashion shows, and hosted the models at his New York City home, as well as helping aspiring models get work with the company.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_53-1">[53] <sup id="cite_ref-:29_54-1">[54]

In 1996, Epstein changed the name of his firm to the Financial Trust Company<sup id="cite_ref-nymag_26-6">[26]  and, for tax advantages, based it on the island of St. Thomas in the U.S. Virgin Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-nymag_26-7">[26]  By relocating to the U.S. Virgin Islands, Epstein was able to reduce federal income taxes by 90 percent. The U.S. Virgin Islands acted as an offshore tax haven, while at the same time offering the advantages of being part of the United States banking system.<sup id="cite_ref-55">[55]

Media activities
In 2003, Epstein bid to acquire New York magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_20131222_56-0">[56]  Other bidders included advertising executive Donny Deutsch, investor Nelson Peltz, media mogul and New York Daily News publisher Mortimer Zuckerman, and film producer Harvey Weinstein. The ultimate buyer was Bruce Wasserstein, a longtime Wall Street investment banker, who paid US$55 million.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_20131222_56-1">[56]

In 2004, Epstein and Zuckerman committed up to US$25 million to finance Radar, a celebrity and pop culture magazine founded by Maer Roshan. Epstein and Zuckerman were equal partners in the venture. Roshan, as its editor-in-chief, retained a small ownership stake. It folded after three issues.<sup id="cite_ref-57">[57]

Liquid Funding Ltd.
Epstein was the president of the company Liquid Funding Ltd. between 2000 and 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_58-0">[58] <sup id="cite_ref-:4_59-0">[59]  The company was an early pioneer in expanding the kind of debt that could be accepted on repurchase, or the repo market, which involves a lender giving money to a borrower in exchange for securities that the borrower then agrees to buy back at an agreed-upon later time and price. The innovation of Liquid Funding, and other early companies, was that instead of having stocks and bonds as the underlying securities, it had commercial mortgages and investment-grade residential mortgages bundled into complex securities as the underlying security.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_58-1">[58]

Liquid Funding was initially 40 percent owned by Bear Stearns. Through the help of the credit rating agencies – Standard & Poor's, Fitch Ratings and Moody's Investors Service – the new bundled securities were able to be created for companies so that they got a gold-plated AAA rating. The implosion of such complex securities, because of their inaccurate ratings, led to the collapse of Bear Stearns in March 2008 and set in motion the Financial Crisis of 2007–2008 and the subsequent Great Recession. If Liquid Funding was left holding large amounts of such securities as collateral, it could have lost large amounts of money.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_58-2">[58] <sup id="cite_ref-60">[60]

Hedge funds
Epstein invested $80 million between 2002 and 2005, in the D.B. Zwirn Special Opportunities hedge fund.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_61-0">[61]  In November 2006, Epstein, while under federal investigation for sex crimes,<sup id="cite_ref-:27_62-0">[62]  attempted to redeem his investment after he was informed of accounting irregularities in the fund.<sup id="cite_ref-63">[63] <sup id="cite_ref-64">[64]  By this time, his investment had grown to $140 million. Zwirn refused to redeem the investment. Zwirn worried that Epstein's redemption could cause a "run on the bank" at the hedge fund. It is unknown how much Epstein personally lost when the fund was wound down in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_61-1">[61]



The government began negotiation with Epstein for a plea agreement, as the hedge fund began to collapse. The fund's collapse would trigger the Great Recession and lose Epstein millions.

In August 2006, Epstein, a month after the federal investigation of him began,<sup id="cite_ref-:27_62-1">[62]  invested $57 million in the Bear Stearns High-Grade Structured Credit Strategies Enhanced Leverage hedge fund.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_61-2">[61] <sup id="cite_ref-:12_65-0">[65]  This fund was highly leveraged in mortgage-backed collateralized debt obligations (CDOs).<sup id="cite_ref-:12_65-1">[65]

On April 18, 2007, an investor in the fund, who had $57 million invested, discussed redeeming his investment.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_66-0">[66]  At this time, the fund had a leverage ratio of 17:1, which meant for every dollar invested there were seventeen dollars of borrowed funds; therefore, the redemption of this investment would have been equivalent to removing $1 billion from the thinly traded CDO market.<sup id="cite_ref-67">[67]  The selling of CDO assets to meet the redemptions that month began a repricing process and general freeze in the CDO market. The repricing of the CDO assets caused the collapse of the fund three months later in July, and the eventual collapse of Bear Stearns in March 2008. It is likely Epstein lost most of this investment, but it is not known how much was his.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_66-1">[66] <sup id="cite_ref-:12_65-2">[65]

By the time that the Bear Stearns fund began to fail in May 2007, Epstein had begun to negotiate a plea deal with the U.S. Attorney's Office concerning imminent charges for sex with minors.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_61-3">[61] <sup id="cite_ref-:27_62-2">[62]  In August 2007, a month after the fund collapsed, the U.S. attorney in Miami, Alexander Acosta, entered into direct discussions about the plea agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-:27_62-3">[62]  Acosta brokered a lenient deal, according to him, because he had been ordered by higher government officials, who told him that Epstein was an individual of importance to the government.<sup id="cite_ref-DBEpsteinIntelligence_46-1">[46]  As part of the negotiations, according to the Miami Herald, Epstein provided "unspecified information" to the Florida federal prosecutors for a more lenient sentence and was supposedly an unnamed key witness for the New York federal prosecutors in their unsuccessful June 2008 criminal case against the two managers of the failed Bear Stearns hedge fund. Alan Dershowitz, one of Epstein's Florida attorneys on the case, told Fox Business Network "We would have been touting that if he had [cooperated]. The idea that Epstein helped in any prosecution is news to me."<sup id="cite_ref-deal_8-1">[8] <sup id="cite_ref-:11_61-4">[61] <sup id="cite_ref-68">[68]

Israeli startup
In 2015, the Israeli newspaper Haaretz reported that Epstein invested in the startup Reporty Homeland Security (rebranded as Carbyne in 2018).<sup id="cite_ref-69">[69] <sup id="cite_ref-:0_70-0">[70] <sup id="cite_ref-71">[71]  The startup is connected with Israel's defense industry. It is headed by former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak, who was also at one time the defense minister, and chief of staff of the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF). The CEO of the company is Amir Elihai who was a special forces officer, and Pinchas Bukhris, who is a director of the company, was at one time the defense ministry director general and commander of the IDF cyber unit 8200.<sup id="cite_ref-72">[72]  Epstein and Barak, the head of Carbyne, were close, and Epstein often offered him lodging at one of his apartment units at 301 East 66th Street in Manhattan.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_73-0">[73] <sup id="cite_ref-auto_74-0">[74]  Epstein had past experience with Israel's research and military sector.<sup id="cite_ref-:43_75-0">[75]  In April 2008, he went to Israel and met with a number of research scientists and visited different Israeli military bases.<sup id="cite_ref-:43_75-1">[75]  During this trip, he thought about staying in Israel in order to avoid trial, and possible jail, for charges he was facing for sex crimes; however, he opted to return to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-76">[76]

Video recordings
Epstein installed concealed cameras in numerous places on his properties to allegedly record sexual activity with underage girls by prominent people for criminal purposes, such as blackmail.<sup id="cite_ref-ibtimes-tapesexslave_77-0">[77]  Ghislaine Maxwell, Epstein's close companion, told a friend that Epstein's private island in the Virgin Islands was completely wired for video and the friend believed that Maxwell and Epstein were videotaping everyone on the island as an insurance policy.<sup id="cite_ref-78">[78]  It was also reported that Epstein's mansion in New York was wired extensively with a video surveillance system.<sup id="cite_ref-:35_79-0">[79]

Epstein allegedly "lent" girls to powerful people to ingratiate himself with them and also to gain possible blackmail information.<sup id="cite_ref-LewisSwaine_80-0">[80]  According to the Department of Justice, he kept compact discs locked in his safe in his New York mansion with handwritten labels that included the description: "young [name] + [name]".<sup id="cite_ref-:37_81-0">[81]  Epstein partially confirmed that he had blackmail material when he told a New York Times reporter in 2018, off the record, that he had dirt on powerful people, including information about their sexual proclivities and recreational drug use.<sup id="cite_ref-82">[82]

Initial developments (2005–2006)


At the time of his death, Epstein was being held at the Metropolitan Correctional Center (pictured here in 2010), awaiting trial for sex-trafficking.<sup id="cite_ref-nbcjail_83-0">[83]

In March 2005, a woman contacted Florida's Palm Beach Police Department and alleged that her 14-year-old stepdaughter had been taken to Epstein's mansion by an older girl. There she was allegedly paid $300 (equivalent to $380 in 2018) to strip and massage Epstein.<sup id="cite_ref-nymag2_84-0">[84]  She had allegedly undressed, but left the encounter wearing her underwear.<sup id="cite_ref-affidavit_85-0">[85]

Police began a 13-month undercover investigation of Epstein, including a search of his home.<sup id="cite_ref-:27_62-4">[62] <sup id="cite_ref-86">[86]  The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) also became involved. Subsequently, the police alleged that Epstein had paid several girls to perform sexual acts with him.<sup id="cite_ref-LewisSwaine_80-1">[80]  Interviews with five alleged victims and 17 witnesses under oath, a high-school transcript and other items found in Epstein's trash and home allegedly showed that some of the girls involved were under 18, the youngest being 14, with many under 16.<sup id="cite_ref-thedailybeast.com_87-0">[87] <sup id="cite_ref-beachpost_88-0">[88]  The police search of Epstein's home found two hidden cameras and large numbers of photos of girls throughout the house, some of whom the police had interviewed in the course of their investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-affidavit_85-1">[85]

A former employee told the police that Epstein would receive massages three times a day.<sup id="cite_ref-affidavit_85-2">[85]  Eventually the FBI compiled reports on "34 confirmed minors" eligible for restitution (increased to 40 in the NPA) whose allegations of sexual abuse by Epstein included corroborating details.<sup id="cite_ref-89">[89]  Julie Brown's 2018 exposé<sup id="cite_ref-deal_8-2">[8] <sup id="cite_ref-:27_62-5">[62] <sup id="cite_ref-county_90-0">[90]  in the Miami Herald identified about 80 victims and located about 60 of them. She quotes the then police chief, Michael Reiter, "This was 50-something 'shes' and one 'he'—and the 'shes' all basically told the same story."<sup id="cite_ref-deal_8-3">[8]  Details from the investigation included allegations that 12-year-old triplets were flown in from France for Epstein's birthday, and flown back the following day after being sexually abused by the financier. It was alleged that young girls were recruited from Brazil and other South American countries, former Soviet countries, and Europe, and that Jean Luc Brunel's "MC2" modeling agency was also supplying girls to Epstein.<sup id="cite_ref-thedailybeast.com_87-1">[87] <sup id="cite_ref-91">[91] <sup id="cite_ref-92">[92]

In May 2006, Palm Beach police filed a probable cause affidavit saying that Epstein should be charged with four counts of unlawful sex with minors and one count of sexual abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-affidavit_85-3">[85] <sup id="cite_ref-93">[93]

Epstein's defense lawyers included Roy Black, Gerald Lefcourt, Harvard Law School professor Alan Dershowitz, and former U. S. Solicitor General Ken Starr.<sup id="cite_ref-nymag2_84-1">[84] <sup id="cite_ref-94">[94]

After press reports that Epstein would be charged with one count of aggravated assault with no intent to commit a felony, Palm Beach Police Chief Michael Reiter accused the Palm Beach County state prosecutor, Barry Krischer, of being too lenient and was instrumental in bringing in the FBI.<sup id="cite_ref-nymag2_84-2">[84]  Instead Krischer convened a Palm Beach County grand jury, which was usually only done in capital cases. Presented evidence from only two victims, the grand jury returned a single charge of felony solicitation of prostitution,<sup id="cite_ref-beachpost2_95-0">[95]  to which Epstein pleaded not guilty in August 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_96-0">[96]

Non-prosecution agreement (NPA) (2006–2008)
In July 2006, the FBI began its own investigation of Epstein, nicknamed "Operation Leap Year". It resulted in a 53-page indictment in June 2007 that was never presented to a grand jury.<sup id="cite_ref-:27_62-6">[62]  Alexander Acosta, then the U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Florida, agreed to a plea deal, which Alan Dershowitz helped to negotiate,<sup id="cite_ref-VoxDersh_97-0">[97]  to grant immunity from all federal criminal charges to Epstein, along with four named co-conspirators and any unnamed "potential co-conspirators". According to the Miami Herald, the non-prosecution agreement "essentially shut down an ongoing FBI probe into whether there were more victims and other powerful people who took part in Epstein's sex crimes". At the time, this halted the investigation and sealed the indictment. The Miami Herald said: "Acosta agreed, despite a federal law to the contrary, that the deal would be kept from the victims."<sup id="cite_ref-deal_8-4">[8]

Acosta later said he offered a lenient plea deal because he was told that Epstein "belonged to intelligence", was "above his pay grade" and to "leave it alone".<sup id="cite_ref-DBEpsteinIntelligence_46-2">[46]  Epstein agreed to plead guilty in Florida state court to two felony prostitution charges, register as a sex offender, and pay restitution to three dozen victims identified by the FBI.<sup id="cite_ref-deal_8-5">[8] <sup id="cite_ref-LewisSwaine_80-2">[80]  The plea deal was later described as a "sweetheart deal".<sup id="cite_ref-98">[98]

A federal judge later found that the prosecutors had violated the victims' rights in that they had concealed the agreement from the victims and instead urged them to have "patience".<sup id="cite_ref-99">[99] <sup id="cite_ref-jta.org_100-0">[100]

Conviction and sentencing (2008–2011)
On June 30, 2008, after Epstein pleaded guilty to a state charge (one of two) of procuring for prostitution a girl below age 18,<sup id="cite_ref-JonSwaine_101-0">[101]  he was sentenced to 18 months in prison. While most convicted sex offenders in Florida are sent to state prison, Epstein was instead housed in a private wing of the Palm Beach County Stockade and, according to the sheriff's office, was after ​3 1⁄2 months allowed to leave the jail on "work release" for up to 12 hours a day, 6 days a week. This contravened the sheriff's own policies requiring a maximum remaining sentence of 10 months and making sex offenders ineligible for the privilege. He was allowed to come and go outside of specified release hours.<sup id="cite_ref-county_90-1">[90]

Epstein's cell door was left unlocked, and he had access to the attorney room where a television was installed for him, before he was moved to the Stockade's previously unstaffed infirmary. He worked at the office of a foundation he had created shortly before reporting to jail; he dissolved it after he had served his time. The Sheriff's Office received $128,000 from Epstein's non-profit to pay for the costs of extra services being provided during his work release. His office was monitored by "permit deputies" whose overtime was paid by Epstein. They were required to wear suits, and checked in "welcomed guests" at the "front desk". Later the Sheriff's Office said these guest logs were destroyed per the department's "records retention" rules (although inexplicably the Stockade visitor logs were not).<sup id="cite_ref-Rosza_102-0">[102]  He was allowed to use his own driver to drive him between jail and his office and other appointments.<sup id="cite_ref-county_90-2">[90] <sup id="cite_ref-Rosza_102-1">[102]



Epstein in 2013, photographed for sex offender registry

Epstein served almost 13 months before being released for a year of probation on house arrest until August 2010. While on probation he was allowed numerous trips on his corporate jet to his residences in Manhattan and the U.S. Virgin Islands. He was allowed long shopping trips and to walk around Palm Beach "for exercise".<sup id="cite_ref-county_90-3">[90]

After a contested hearing in January 2011, and an appeal, he stayed registered in New York State as a "level three" (high risk of repeat offense) sex offender, a lifelong designation.<sup id="cite_ref-Palm_Beach_103-0">[103] <sup id="cite_ref-sutherland_104-0">[104]  At that hearing the Manhattan District Attorney argued unsuccessfully that the level should be reduced to a low-risk "level one" and was chided by the judge. Despite opposition from Epstein's lawyer that he had a "main" home in the U.S. Virgin Islands, the judge confirmed he personally must check in with the New York Police Department every 90 days. Though Epstein had been a level-three registered sex offender in New York since 2010, the New York Police Department never enforced the 90-day regulation, though non-compliance is a felony.<sup id="cite_ref-jta.org_100-1">[100]

Reactions
The immunity agreement and his lenient treatment were the subject of ongoing public dispute. The Palm Beach police chief accused the state of giving him preferential treatment,<sup id="cite_ref-nymag2_84-3">[84]  and the Miami Herald said U.S. Attorney Acosta gave Epstein "the deal of a lifetime".<sup id="cite_ref-deal_8-6">[8]  Following Epstein's arrest in July 2019, on sex trafficking charges, Acosta resigned as Secretary of Labor effective July 19, 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-105">[105]

After the accusations became public, several persons and institutions returned donations that they had received from Epstein, including Eliot Spitzer, Bill Richardson,<sup id="cite_ref-crimson_106-0">[106]  and the Palm Beach Police Department.<sup id="cite_ref-beachpost_88-1">[88]  Harvard University announced it would not return any money.<sup id="cite_ref-crimson_106-1">[106]  Various charitable donations that Epstein had made to finance children's education were also questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-JonSwaine_101-1">[101]

On June 18, 2010, Epstein's former house manager, Alfredo Rodriguez, was sentenced to 18 months' incarceration after being convicted on an obstruction charge for failing to turn over to police, and subsequently trying to sell, a journal in which he had recorded Epstein's activities. FBI Special Agent Christina Pryor reviewed the material and agreed it was information "that would have been extremely useful in investigating and prosecuting the case, including names and contact information of material witnesses and additional victims."<sup id="cite_ref-palm_beach_news_107-0">[107] <sup id="cite_ref-palm_beach_post_108-0">[108]

Jane Does v. Epstein (2008)
On February 6, 2008, an anonymous Virginia woman filed a $50 million civil lawsuit<sup id="cite_ref-doe08_109-0">[109]  in federal court against Epstein, saying that when she was a 16-year-old minor in 2004–05, she was "recruited to give Epstein a massage". She claims she was taken to his mansion, where he exposed himself and had sexual intercourse with her, and paid her $200 immediately afterward.<sup id="cite_ref-beachpost2_95-1">[95]

A similar $50 million suit was filed in March 2008, by a different woman, who was represented by the same lawyer.<sup id="cite_ref-keller3rd_110-0">[110]  These and several similar lawsuits were dismissed.<sup id="cite_ref-lewis_111-0">[111]

All other lawsuits have been settled by Epstein out of court.<sup id="cite_ref-rush_112-0">[112]  Epstein made many out-of-court settlements with alleged victims.<sup id="cite_ref-lewis_111-1">[111]

Victims' rights: Jane Does v. United States (2014)
A December 30, 2014, federal civil suit was filed in Florida by Jane Doe 1 (Courtney Wild) and Jane Doe 2 against the United States for violations of the Crime Victims' Rights Act by the U.S. Department of Justice's NPA with Epstein and his limited 2008 state plea. There was a later unsuccessful effort to add Virginia Roberts (Jane Doe 3) and another woman (Jane Doe 4) as plaintiffs to that case.<sup id="cite_ref-113">[113]  The addition accused Alan Dershowitz of sexually abusing a minor, Jane Doe 3, provided by Epstein.<sup id="cite_ref-gerstein_114-0">[114]  The allegations against Dershowitz were stricken by the judge and eliminated from the case because he said they were outside the intent of the suit to re-open the plea agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-strike_115-0">[115] <sup id="cite_ref-116">[116]  A document filed in court alleges that Epstein ran a "sexual abuse ring", and lent underage girls to "prominent American politicians, powerful business executives, foreign presidents, a well-known prime minister, and other world leaders".<sup id="cite_ref-117">[117]

This long-running lawsuit is pending in federal court, aimed at vacating the federal plea agreement on the grounds that it violated victims' rights.<sup id="cite_ref-settled_118-0">[118]  On April 7, 2015, Judge Kenneth Marra ruled that the allegations made by alleged victim Virginia Roberts against Prince Andrew had no bearing on the lawsuit by alleged victims seeking to reopen Epstein's non-prosecution plea agreement with the federal government; the judge ordered that allegation to be struck from the record.<sup id="cite_ref-strike_115-1">[115]  Judge Marra made no ruling as to whether claims by Roberts are true or false. Though he did not allow Jane Does 3 and 4 to join the suit, Marra specifically said that Roberts may later give evidence when the case comes to court.<sup id="cite_ref-sexstruck_119-0">[119]

On February 21, 2019, in the case of the Two Jane Does v. United States, Senior Judge of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida Kenneth Marra said federal prosecutors violated the law by failing to notify victims before they allowed him to plead guilty to only the two Florida offenses. The judge left open what the possible remedy could be.<sup id="cite_ref-120">[120]

Virginia Roberts Giuffre v. Epstein (2015)
In January 2015, a 31-year-old American woman, Virginia Roberts (now Virginia Giuffre),<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_20190417_121-0">[121]  alleged in a sworn affidavit that at the age of 17, she had been held as a sex slave by Epstein.<sup id="cite_ref-122">[122]  She further alleged that he and the British socialite Ghislaine Maxwell had trafficked her to several people, including Prince Andrew<sup id="cite_ref-Independent_20150208_123-0">[123] <sup id="cite_ref-swaine2.15_124-0">[124]  and retired Harvard Law professor Alan Dershowitz.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_20190417_121-1">[121]  Roberts also claimed that Epstein, Maxwell and others had physically and sexually abused her.<sup id="cite_ref-Independent_20150208_123-1">[123]  Roberts alleged that the FBI may have been involved in a cover-up.<sup id="cite_ref-swaine2.15_124-1">[124]  She said she had served as Epstein's sex slave from 1999 to 2002, and had recruited other underage girls.<sup id="cite_ref-withnall_125-0">[125]  Prince Andrew, Epstein, and Dershowitz all denied having had sex with Roberts. Dershowitz took legal action over the allegations.<sup id="cite_ref-smh.com.au_126-0">[126] <sup id="cite_ref-independent.co.uk_127-0">[127] <sup id="cite_ref-megangibson_128-0">[128]  Roberts filed a defamation suit against Dershowitz, claiming he purposefully made "false and malicious defamatory statements" about her.<sup id="cite_ref-VoxDersh_97-1">[97]  A diary purported to belong to Roberts was published online.<sup id="cite_ref-129">[129] <sup id="cite_ref-130">[130]  Epstein entered an out-of-court settlement with Roberts, as he had done in several other lawsuits.<sup id="cite_ref-LewisSwaine_80-3">[80]  The BBC television series Panorama planned an investigation of these claims.<sup id="cite_ref-131">[131]  As of 2016, these accusations had not been tested in any court of law.<sup id="cite_ref-RoyGreenslade_132-0">[132]

Virginia Roberts Giuffre v. Ghislaine Maxwell (2015)
As a result of Giuffre's allegations and Maxwell's comments about them, Giuffre sued Maxwell for defamation in September 2015. After much legal confrontation, the case was settled under seal in May 2017. The Miami Herald, other media, and Alan Dershowitz filed to have the documents about the settlement unsealed. After the judge dismissed their request, the matter was appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.<sup id="cite_ref-CNBC_20190809_133-0">[133]

On March 11, 2019, in the appeal of the district judge's refusal to unseal the documents relating to the 2017 defamation settlement of Giuffre v. Maxwell, the Second Circuit Court gave parties one week to provide good cause as to why they should remain under seal, without which they would be unsealed on March 19, 2019. Later the Court ordered these documents to be unsealed (after having them redacted to protect innocent parties). In Giuffre's testimony, she claims that she was directed by Maxwell to give erotic massages and engage in sexual activities with Prince Andrew; Jean-Luc Brunel; Glenn Dubin; Marvin Minsky; Governor Bill Richardson; another unnamed prince; an unnamed foreign president; "a well known Prime Minister"; and an unnamed hotel chain owner from France, among others that she could not name.<sup id="cite_ref-DailyBeast8-19_134-0">[134]  As of August 2019, none of these men has been indicted or sued for related sex crimes, and the deposition does not say which of these men (if any) in fact engaged with Giuffre.<sup id="cite_ref-DailyBeast8-19_134-1">[134]  Giuffre testified, "my whole life revolved around just pleasing these men and keeping Ghislaine and Jeffrey happy. Their whole entire lives revolved around sex."<sup id="cite_ref-DailyBeast8-19_134-2">[134] <sup id="cite_ref-CNBC_20190809_133-1">[133]

On August 9, less than 24 hours before Epstein's death, 2,000 pages of previously sealed documents from the case were released. Two sets of additional sealed documents will be analyzed by a federal judge to determine whether they should also be made public. A "John Doe" asked the judge on September 3 to permanently keep the documents secret, claiming "unproven allegations of impropriety" could damage his reputation, though he had no evidence his name was included.<sup id="cite_ref-BloombergJohnDoe_135-0">[135]

Jane Doe v. Epstein and Trump (2016)
A federal lawsuit filed in California in April 2016, against Epstein and Donald Trump by a California woman alleged that the two men sexually assaulted her at a series of parties at Epstein's Manhattan residence in 1994, when she was 13 years old. The suit was dismissed by a federal judge in May 2016 because it did not raise valid claims under federal law. The woman filed another federal suit in New York in June 2016, but it was withdrawn three months later, apparently without being served on the defendants. A third federal suit was filed in New York in September 2016.

The two latter suits included affidavits by an anonymous witness who attested to the accusations in the suits, asserting Epstein employed her to procure underage girls for him, and an anonymous person who declared the plaintiff had told him/her about the assaults at the time they occurred. The plaintiff, who had filed anonymously as Jane Doe, was scheduled to appear in a Los Angeles press conference six days before the 2016 election, but abruptly canceled the event; her lawyer Lisa Bloom asserted that the woman had received threats. The suit was dropped on November 4, 2016. Trump attorney Alan Garten flatly denied the allegations, while Epstein declined to comment.<sup id="cite_ref-136">[136] <sup id="cite_ref-137">[137] <sup id="cite_ref-138">[138] <sup id="cite_ref-139">[139] <sup id="cite_ref-140">[140]

Sarah Ransome v. Epstein and Maxwell (2017)


Epstein was accused of sex trafficking of minors at his mansion at 9 East 71st Street.

In 2017, Sarah Ransome filed a suit against Epstein and Maxwell, alleging that Maxwell had hired her to give massages to Epstein and later threatened to physically harm her or destroy her career prospects if she did not comply with their sexual demands at his mansion in New York City and on his private Caribbean island, Little Saint James. The suit was settled in 2018 under undisclosed terms.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_141-0">[141] <sup id="cite_ref-:10_142-0">[142] <sup id="cite_ref-Arnold0712_143-0">[143]

Bradley Edwards' defamation v. Epstein (2018)
A state civil lawsuit in Florida filed by attorney Bradley Edwards against Epstein was scheduled for trial in December 2018. The trial was expected to provide victims with their first opportunity to make their accusations in public. However, the case was settled on the first day of the trial, with Epstein apologizing to Edwards; other terms of the settlement were confidential.<sup id="cite_ref-settled_118-1">[118] <sup id="cite_ref-144">[144]

Maria Farmer v. Epstein and Maxwell (2019)
On April 16, 2019, a new accuser, Maria Farmer, went public and filed a sworn affidavit in federal court in New York, alleging that she and her 15-year-old sister, Anne, had been sexually assaulted by Epstein and Maxwell in separate locations in 1996. According to the affidavit, Farmer had met Epstein and Maxwell at a New York City art gallery reception in 1995. The following year, in the summer of 1996, they hired her to work on an art project in Leslie Wexner's Ohio mansion, where she was then sexually assaulted.<sup id="cite_ref-145">[145]  Farmer reported the incident to the New York City Police Department and the FBI.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_146-0">[146]

Farmer's affidavit also stated that during the same summer, Epstein flew her then-15-year-old sister to his New Mexico property where he and Maxwell sexually abused her on a massage table.<sup id="cite_ref-147">[147]

Jennifer Araoz v. Epstein (2019)
On July 22, 2019, while in jail awaiting trial, Epstein was served with a petition regarding a pending state civil lawsuit filed by a Jennifer Araoz, who says Epstein raped her in his New York City mansion when she was 15. As of August 14, 2019, adult survivors of child sexual abuse will have one year from that date to sue for offenses in New York State, no matter how long ago the abuse took place.<sup id="cite_ref-148">[148]

Katlyn Doe, Lisa Doe and Priscilla Doe v. Epstein's Estate (2019)
Three women sued the estate of Jeffrey Epstein on August 20, 2019. Two of the women were 17 and one was 20 when they met Epstein. The women allege they were recruited, subjected to unwanted sex acts, and controlled by Epstein and a "vast enterprise" of co-conspirators.<sup id="cite_ref-149">[149] <sup id="cite_ref-150">[150]

Trafficking charges


U.S. v. Jeffrey Epstein indictment<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1">[2]

On July 6, 2019, Epstein was arrested at Teterboro Airport in New Jersey on sex trafficking charges.<sup id="cite_ref-jpost_18-2">[18] <sup id="cite_ref-151">[151] <sup id="cite_ref-HeavyNYCMansion_152-0">[152]  He was jailed at the Metropolitan Correctional Center in New York City, which has held prisoners such as John Gotti, Joaquin "El Chapo" Guzman, and Paul Manafort.<sup id="cite_ref-153">[153] <sup id="cite_ref-154">[154]

According to witnesses and sources on the day of his arrest, about a dozen FBI agents forced open the door to his Manhattan townhouse, the Herbert N. Straus House, with search warrants. The search of his townhouse turned up evidence of sex trafficking and also found "hundreds – and perhaps thousands – of sexually suggestive photographs of fully – or partially – nude females". Some of the photos were confirmed as those of underage females. In a locked safe, compact discs were found with handwritten labels including the descriptions: "Young [Name] + [Name]", "Misc nudes 1", and "Girl pics nude".<sup id="cite_ref-:37_81-1">[81]  Also found in the safe were $70,000 in cash, 48 diamonds,<sup id="cite_ref-Independent_155-0">[155]  and a fraudulent Austrian passport, which expired in 1987, that had Epstein's photo but another name. The passport had numerous entrance and exit stamps, including entrance stamps that showed the use of the passport to enter France, Spain, the United Kingdom, and Saudi Arabia in the 1980s. The passport showed his place of residence as Saudi Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_44-2">[44] <sup id="cite_ref-:15_45-2">[45] <sup id="cite_ref-156">[156] <sup id="cite_ref-157">[157] <sup id="cite_ref-158">[158]  According to his attorneys, Epstein had been advised to acquire the passport because "as an affluent member of the Jewish faith", he was in danger of being kidnapped while traveling abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-PassportJewishKidnapping_159-0">[159]

On July 8, prosecutors with the Public Corruption Unit of the Southern District of New York charged him with sex trafficking and conspiracy to traffic minors for sex. The grand jury indictment alleges that "dozens" of underage girls were brought into Epstein's mansions for sexual encounters.<sup id="cite_ref-Shallwani_10-1">[10] <sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1">[11] <sup id="cite_ref-dienst1_160-0">[160]  Judge Kenneth Marra was to decide whether the non-prosecution agreement that protected Epstein from the more serious charges should still stand.<sup id="cite_ref-161">[161]

Epstein's lawyers urged the court to allow Epstein to post bail, offering to post up to a $600 million bond (including $100 million from his brother, Mark) so he could leave jail and submit to house arrest in his New York City mansion. US District Judge Richard M. Berman denied the request on July 18, saying that Epstein posed a danger to the public and a serious flight risk to avoid prosecution.<sup id="cite_ref-162">[162]

On July 23, Epstein was found injured and semiconscious at 1:30 a.m. on the floor of his cell, with marks around his neck that were suspected to be the result of either a suicide attempt or an assault.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_20190817_163-0">[163]  His cellmate, former New York City police officer Nicholas Tartaglione, who is charged with four counts of murder, was questioned about Epstein's condition. He denied having any knowledge of what happened. Epstein himself said he recollected nothing.<sup id="cite_ref-Independent_155-1">[155] <sup id="cite_ref-164">[164] <sup id="cite_ref-165">[165] <sup id="cite_ref-found_166-0">[166]  According to NBC News, two sources said that Epstein might have tried to hang himself, a third said the injuries were not serious and could have been staged, and a fourth source said that an assault by his cellmate had not been ruled out.<sup id="cite_ref-nbcjail_83-1">[83]

On August 29, 2019, the case against Epstein was closed after Judge Berman dismissed all sex trafficking charges.<sup id="cite_ref-epsteinclosed_16-1">[16] <sup id="cite_ref-epsteinreutersdismiss_17-1">[17]  However, he also signaled support for Epstein's accusers.<sup id="cite_ref-epsteinclosed_16-2">[16]  Prosecutors objected to the ruling and signaled they would continue an investigation for potential co-conspirators.<sup id="cite_ref-epsteinreutersdismiss_17-2">[17]

Investigation in France
On August 23, 2019, the prosecutor's office in Paris, France opened a preliminary investigation into Epstein. He is being investigated for rape and sexual assault of minors under and over the age of 15, criminal association with a view to committing crimes, and association with criminals with a view to committing offenses. The prosecutors said that the goal of the investigation is to find possible crimes committed in France and elsewhere against French citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-167">[167]

Personal life
Previous long-term girlfriends associated with Epstein include Eva Andersson-Dubin<sup id="cite_ref-:32_168-0">[168] <sup id="cite_ref-:33_169-0">[169]  and publishing heiress Ghislaine Maxwell.<sup id="cite_ref-Vanity_Fair_24-13">[24]  Epstein was romantically linked with Andersson-Dubin in the 1980s and the two later remained friendly well after her marriage to Glenn Dubin.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_168-1">[168] <sup id="cite_ref-:33_169-1">[169]  Epstein met Ghislaine Maxwell, daughter of disgraced media baron Robert Maxwell, by 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_43-1">[43] <sup id="cite_ref-Arnold0712_143-1">[143] <sup id="cite_ref-170">[170] <sup id="cite_ref-:18_171-0">[171] <sup id="cite_ref-Schneier_2019_172-0">[172]  Epstein had Maxwell come to the United States in 1991 to recover from her grief following the death of her father.<sup id="cite_ref-173">[173]  Maxwell was implicated by several of Epstein's accusers as procuring or recruiting underage girls in addition to once being Epstein's girlfriend.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_141-1">[141] <sup id="cite_ref-Arnold0712_143-2">[143] <sup id="cite_ref-Schneier_2019_172-1">[172]  In a 2009 deposition, several of Epstein's household employees testified that Maxwell had a central role in both his public and private life, referring to her as his "main girlfriend" who also handled the hiring, supervising, and firing of staff starting around 1992. In 1995, Epstein renamed one of his companies the Ghislaine Corporation in Palm Beach, Florida; the company was later dissolved in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_146-1">[146]  In the year 2000, Maxwell moved into a 7,000-square-foot townhouse, less than 10 blocks from Epstein's New York mansion. This townhome was purchased for $4.95 million by an anonymous limited liability company, with an address that matches the office of J. Epstein & Co. Representing the buyer was Darren Indyke, Epstein's longtime lawyer.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_142-1">[142]  In a 2003 Vanity Fair exposé, Epstein refers to Maxwell as "my best friend".<sup id="cite_ref-Vanity_Fair_24-14">[24]

Epstein was a longtime acquaintance of Prince Andrew and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Barrack_Jr. Tom Barrack],<sup id="cite_ref-michaelwolff_174-0">[174]  and attended parties with many prominent people, including Bill Clinton, George Stephanopoulos, Donald Trump,<sup id="cite_ref-175">[175]  Katie Couric, Woody Allen,<sup id="cite_ref-176">[176]  and Harvey Weinstein.<sup id="cite_ref-177">[177]  His contacts included Rupert Murdoch, Michael Bloomberg, Richard Branson, Michael Jackson, Alec Baldwin, Kennedys, Rockefellers and Rothschilds.<sup id="cite_ref-178">[178]  His contacts also included Israeli prime minister Ehud Barak, British prime minister Tony Blair, and Saudi Arabian crown prince Mohammed bin Salman.<sup id="cite_ref-179">[179] <sup id="cite_ref-180">[180] <sup id="cite_ref-181">[181]  Both Clinton<sup id="cite_ref-182">[182]  and Trump<sup id="cite_ref-183">[183]  claimed that they never visited Epstein's island. Epstein owned a private Boeing 727 jet, nicknamed the "Lolita Express", and traveled in it frequently, logging "600 flying hours a year ... usually with guests on board".<sup id="cite_ref-nwPrincesPremiers_184-0">[184] <sup id="cite_ref-Bryant_185-0">[185]  Virginia Roberts Giuffre claimed that in 2001, Epstein flew from Carmel, California to Los Angeles with Matt Groening, the creator of The Simpsons, and that she was asked to give Groening a foot massage.<sup id="cite_ref-186">[186]  In 2003, Epstein flew to Cuba aboard his plane with Colombian president Andrés Pastrana Arango at the invitation of Cuban president Fidel Castro. According to Fabiola Santiago of the Miami Herald, Epstein was likely considering relocating to Cuba in order to escape U.S. law enforcement; Epstein was under investigation from U.S. law enforcement at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-187">[187]  In 2009, Epstein's brother Mark claimed Trump had flown on Epstein's plane at least once. He later told The Washington Post that Trump flew "numerous times" on Epstein's airplane, although Mark was only present on one of the flights.<sup id="cite_ref-:28_188-0">[188] <sup id="cite_ref-189">[189]  According to Michael Corcoran, Trump flew Epstein on his own airplane at least once.<sup id="cite_ref-190">[190]  In September 2002, Epstein flew Clinton, Kevin Spacey, and Chris Tucker to Africa in this jet.<sup id="cite_ref-nymag_26-8">[26] <sup id="cite_ref-Bryant_185-1">[185] <sup id="cite_ref-Fr24LotlitaExpress_191-0">[191] <sup id="cite_ref-NewsweekLolitaExpress_192-0">[192]  Flight records obtained in 2016 show Bill Clinton flew 27 times to at least a dozen international locations.<sup id="cite_ref-FoxnewsClintonEpstein_193-0">[193]  Flight logs did not list any Secret Service detail for at least five flights, all in Asia,<sup id="cite_ref-FoxnewsClintonEpstein_193-1">[193]  and Secret Service stated that there is no evidence of the former President making a trip to Epstein's private island.<sup id="cite_ref-FoxnewsClintonEpstein_193-2">[193]  In 2019, a Clinton spokesperson stated that, in 2002 and 2003, Clinton took four trips on Epstein's airplane, making stops on three continents, all with his staff and Secret Service detail.<sup id="cite_ref-194">[194]  At the time of Epstein's 2019 arrest, Clinton's spokeswoman Angel Ureña stated that Clinton had "not spoken to Epstein in well over a decade, and has never been to Little St. James Island, Epstein's ranch in New Mexico, or his residence in Florida."<sup id="cite_ref-195">[195]

President Trump states "I knew him like everybody in Palm Beach knew him." July 2019 video from the White House.

In a profile of Epstein in New York magazine in 2002, former Democratic Senate leader George J. Mitchell said of Epstein, "I would certainly call him a friend and a supporter". In the same article, Donald Trump remarked, "I've known Jeff for fifteen years. Terrific guy. He's a lot of fun to be with. It is even said that he likes beautiful women as much as I do, and many of them are on the younger side. No doubt about it – Jeffrey enjoys his social life."<sup id="cite_ref-:19_196-0">[196]  In July 2019, Trump said "I knew him like everybody in Palm Beach knew him," stating four times he had not been "a fan" of Epstein and that he had not spoken to him in about fifteen years. A video shot in 1992 surfaced showing the two men partying together at Mar-a-Lago.<sup id="cite_ref-197">[197] <sup id="cite_ref-198">[198] <sup id="cite_ref-:20_199-0">[199] <sup id="cite_ref-200">[200]  By 2007, Trump reportedly banned Epstein from his Mar-a-Lago club.<sup id="cite_ref-201">[201] <sup id="cite_ref-202">[202] <sup id="cite_ref-203">[203] <sup id="cite_ref-204">[204]  The ban allegation was included in court documents filed by attorney Bradley Edwards,<sup id="cite_ref-205">[205]  although Edwards later said it was a rumor he tried to but could not confirm.<sup id="cite_ref-206">[206] <sup id="cite_ref-207">[207]  Bill Clinton lauded Epstein as "a committed philanthropist" with "insights and generosity".<sup id="cite_ref-208">[208]  At the time Epstein was on the board of Rockefeller University, a member of the Trilateral Commission and the Council on Foreign Relations, and was a major donor to Harvard University.<sup id="cite_ref-nymag_26-9">[26]

Epstein visited the White House while Clinton was president on four known occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_209-0">[209]  In 1993, he went to a donor event at the White House with his companion Ghislaine Maxwell. Around the same time, he also met with President Clinton's aide Mark Middleton on at least three occasions at the White House. In 1995, financier Lynn Forester discussed "Jeffrey Epstein and currency stabilization" with Clinton.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_209-1">[209]  Epstein, according to his own accounts, was heavily involved in the foreign exchange market and traded large amounts of currency in the unregulated forex market.<sup id="cite_ref-Vanity_Fair_24-15">[24] <sup id="cite_ref-nymag_26-10">[26]  In 1995, Epstein also attended a small political fundraiser dinner for Bill Clinton which included 14 other people such as Ron Perelman, Don Johnson, Jimmy Buffett, and dinner organizer Paul Prosperi.<sup id="cite_ref-210">[210]

From the 1990s to mid-2000s, Epstein often socialized with the future President Donald Trump.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_171-1">[171] <sup id="cite_ref-:28_188-1">[188] <sup id="cite_ref-:20_199-1">[199] <sup id="cite_ref-:25_211-0">[211]  Author Michael Wolff wrote that Trump, Epstein, and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Barrack_Jr. Tom Barrack] were at the time like a "set of nightlife musketeers" on the social scene.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_4-2">[4] <sup id="cite_ref-212">[212]  Epstein and Trump socialized both in New York City and Palm Beach, where they both had houses.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_199-2">[199] <sup id="cite_ref-:25_211-1">[211]  A porter who worked next door to Epstein's house on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in 2000 stated to The Mail on Sunday in reference to people coming and going from Epstein's house that "I often see Donald Trump and there are loads of models coming and going, mostly at night. It's amazing he's got so many ladies, as Mr Epstein, and always has a new one on his arm, it seems."<sup id="cite_ref-:18_171-2">[171]  In April 2003, New York magazine reported Epstein hosted a dinner party in his Manhattan residence to honor Bill Clinton, who did not attend, although Trump did attend.<sup id="cite_ref-213">[213]  According to The Washington Post, one person who knew Epstein and Trump during this time noted that "they were tight" and "they were each other's wingmen". In November 2004, Epstein and Trump's friendship ran into trouble when they became embroiled in a bidding war for a $40 million mansion, Maison de L'Amitie, which was being auctioned in Palm Beach. Trump won the auction for $41 million, and successfully sold the property four years later for $95 million to the Russian billionaire Dmitry Rybolovlev. That month was the last time Epstein and Trump were recorded to have interacted.<sup id="cite_ref-:28_188-2">[188]

Wealth


Swiss Leaks: map of HSBC bank accounts. Epstein had millions stored in offshore Swiss accounts.

In 2008, when Epstein pleaded guilty in Florida to soliciting and procuring prostitution, his lawyers stated he was a billionaire with a net worth of over one billion dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-Stieb_214-0">[214]  A number of sources, however, have questioned the extent of Epstein's wealth and his status as a billionaire. According to an article in The New York Times, his "fortune may be more illusion than fact". Epstein lost "large sums of money" in the 2008 financial crisis, and "friends and patrons"—including retail billionaire Leslie H. Wexner, "deserted him" following his pleading guilty to prostitution charges in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-Illusion-NYT_49-2">[49]  New York magazine claimed that "there's scant proof" of Epstein's "financial bona fides",<sup id="cite_ref-Stieb_214-1">[214]  and Forbes also ran an article entitled "Why sex offender Jeffrey Epstein is not a billionaire".<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes20190708_215-0">[215]

Spencer Kuvin, an attorney for three of Epstein's alleged victims in the case where Epstein pleaded guilty to sexual activity with minors, stated that "he and his team 'pursued every possible angle' to find out Epstein's net worth but found that much of his wealth is offshore."<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes20190708_215-1">[215]  An investigation by the Miami Herald of the Swiss Leaks documents indicated that Epstein had multiple financial accounts with millions of dollars in offshore tax havens. In the Paradise Papers, records showed that Epstein in February 1997, became a client of Appleby, a Bermuda-based law firm which specialized in the creation of offshore companies and investment vehicles for the ultra-wealthy. A client profile of Epstein described his job cryptically as the "Manager of Fortune".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_58-3">[58] <sup id="cite_ref-:4_59-1">[59]

Federal prosecutors on July 12, 2019, stated in court documents that, based on records from one financial institution, that Jeffrey Epstein was "extravagantly wealthy" and had assets worth at least $500 million and earned more than $10 million a year. The extent of his wealth, however, was not known, since he had not filled out a financial affidavit for his bail application.<sup id="cite_ref-216">[216] <sup id="cite_ref-217">[217] <sup id="cite_ref-218">[218]  According to Bloomberg News, "Today, so little is known about Epstein's current business or clients that the only things that can be valued with any certainty are his properties."<sup id="cite_ref-219">[219]  The Miami Herald in their investigation of the Paradise Papers and Swiss Leaks documents concluded that Epstein's wealth is likely spread secretly across the globe.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_58-4">[58]

Residences


Epstein's private island of Little St. James in the US Virgin Islands.

Epstein owned the Herbert N. Straus House on 9 East 71st Street in the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTJul19_220-0">[220] <sup id="cite_ref-221">[221]  It was originally purchased for $13.2 million in 1989 by Epstein's mentor, Les Wexner, who renovated it completely.<sup id="cite_ref-HeavyNYCMansion_152-1">[152] <sup id="cite_ref-:26_222-0">[222] <sup id="cite_ref-TownandCountryNYCFree_223-0">[223]  Epstein moved into the mansion in 1995 after Wexner married and moved with his wife to Columbus, Ohio, to raise their family.<sup id="cite_ref-nymag_26-11">[26] <sup id="cite_ref-:26_222-1">[222]  He took full possession of the mansion in 1998, when he paid Wexner $20 million for it.<sup id="cite_ref-Illusion-NYT_49-3">[49]  The house was valued in 2019 by federal prosecutors at $77 million, while the city assessed its value at $56 million.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTJul19_220-1">[220]  The mansion is reputedly the largest private residence in Manhattan at 21,000 sq ft (2,000 m2).<sup id="cite_ref-HeavyNYCMansion_152-2">[152] <sup id="cite_ref-NYTJul19_220-2">[220]  Hidden under a flight of stairs, there is a lead-lined bathroom fitted with its own Closed-circuit television screens and a telephone, both concealed in a cabinet under the sink. It also has its own heated sidewalk to melt away the snow.<sup id="cite_ref-:35_79-1">[79]  The entrance hall is lined with rows of individually framed prosthetic eyeballs which were made for injured English soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-Vanity_Fair_24-16">[24]

The financier's other properties include a residence in Palm Beach, Florida, purchased in 1990;<sup id="cite_ref-224">[224]  Seven units in an apartment building near the Arc de Triomphe at 22 Avenue Foch in Paris, France;<sup id="cite_ref-NYTJul19_220-3">[220]  a 7,500-acre (30 km2) ranch named Zorro Ranch near Stanley, New Mexico, purchased in 1993;<sup id="cite_ref-:26_222-2">[222] <sup id="cite_ref-225">[225] <sup id="cite_ref-226">[226]  a private island near Saint Thomas in the U.S. Virgin Islands called Little Saint James, which includes a mansion and guest houses, purchased in 1998; and the neighboring island of Great Saint James purchased in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-NYMag_2019-07-10_227-0">[227] <sup id="cite_ref-228">[228]  Epstein was building a compound on the latter including an amphitheater and "underwater office & pool" but ran into problems when a stop-work order was issued in late 2018; work continued despite the order.<sup id="cite_ref-229">[229]

Epstein, previous to his final Manhattan home, lived in a spacious townhouse, which was a former Iranian government building that had been taken over by the State Department during the Iranian revolution, at 34 East 69th Street for a rate of $15,000 a month from 1992 to 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-230">[230]  He also previously owned a mansion outside Columbus, Ohio, near Wexner's home from 1992 to 1998 which he purchased from his mentor.<sup id="cite_ref-:29_54-2">[54]  Before the Herbert Straus house was purchased, Wexner purchased in 1988 the adjacent townhouse at 11 East 71st Street. Like in the case of the 9 East 71st Street house, Epstein was on the deed of the 11 East 71st Street house as the trustee. The townhouse was sold in 1996 to the Comet trust which holds part of the assets of the de Gunzburg/Bronfman family.<sup id="cite_ref-231">[231]

Epstein rented offices for his business dealings in the Villard House at 457 Madison Avenue.<sup id="cite_ref-nymag2_84-4">[84]  Steven Hoffenberg originally set up the offices for Epstein in 1987 when he was consulting for Tower Financial.<sup id="cite_ref-Vanity_Fair_24-17">[24]  Epstein used these offices until at least 2003. Around this time, Michael Wolff saw the financier in his office, which in the past were the offices of Random House.<sup id="cite_ref-nymag2_84-5">[84]  Wolff noted that Epstein's offices were a strange place which did not have a corporate feel at all. Wolff stated that the offices were "almost European. It's old—old-fashioned, unrehabbed in its way." Wolff continued that "the trading floor is filled with guys in yarmulkes. Who they are, I have no idea. They're like a throwback, a bunch of guys from the fifties. So here is Jeffrey in this incredibly beautiful office, with pieces of art and a view of the courtyard, and he seems like the most relaxed guy in the world. You want to say 'What's going on here?' and he gives you that Cheshire smile."<sup id="cite_ref-nymag2_84-6">[84]

Epstein rented multiple apartment units for his employees, models, and guests since the 1990s at 301 East 66th Street. The majority of the apartment complex at this address is owned by Ossa properties, which is owned by Jeffrey Epstein's brother, Mark, who purchased the complex in the early 1990s from Wexner. Over the years Epstein has housed different friends at 11 East 71st Street, including his ex-girlfriend Eva Andersson, who is now married to his hedge-fund friend Glenn Dubin, MC2 Models founder Jean-Luc Brunel, and on occasions former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak. He has housed some of his workers, including his pilot, housekeeper and office work staff, in the apartment complex. Epstein has also housed underage girls, who Brunel scouted for his MC2 modeling agency.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_73-1">[73] <sup id="cite_ref-auto_74-1">[74]  On August 6, 2012, a model and party promoter associated with MC2, Pedro Gaspar, who lived above another of the modeling agency's locations in Manhattan, died of what some consider to be a suspicious drug overdose.<sup id="cite_ref-232">[232]

Political donations
From 1989 until 2003, Epstein donated more than $139,000 to U.S. Democratic Party federal candidates and committees and over $18,000 to U.S. Republican Party candidates and groups.<sup id="cite_ref-233">[233]

Epstein contributed $50,000 to Democrat Bill Richardson's successful campaign for Governor of New Mexico in 2002 and again for his successful run for reelection in 2006. Also that year, he contributed $15,000 to Democrat Gary King's successful campaign for Attorney General of New Mexico. He later contributed $35,000 to King's 2014 unsuccessful campaign for Governor. Other contributions in New Mexico included Epstein $10,000 toward Jim Baca's campaign to become head of the land commission and $2,000 toward Santa Fe County Sheriff Jim Solano's bid for reelection. In 2010, Epstein received a notice from New Mexico Department of Public Safety which said, "You are not required to register [as a sex offender] with the state of New Mexico." This was in contravention of federal law, which would seem to say that the conviction in Florida required him to register in New Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-234">[234]

Philanthropy


Epstein donated millions of dollars to Harvard University over the years for different causes.

In 1991, Epstein was one of four donors who pledged to raise US$2 million for a Hillel student building Rosovsky Hall at Harvard University.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_235-0">[235] <sup id="cite_ref-Scharnick_236-0">[236]  In 2000, Epstein established the Jeffrey Epstein VI Foundation, which funds science research and education. Prior to 2003, the foundation funded Martin Nowak's research at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. In May 2003, Epstein pledged a series of donations totaling US$30 million to create a mathematical biology and evolutionary dynamics program at Harvard which was run by Martin Nowak.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_235-1">[235]  According to The Boston Globe, the actual amount received from Epstein was US$6.5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-crimson_106-2">[106] <sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_235-2">[235] <sup id="cite_ref-Scharnick_236-1">[236]  In 2019, Forbes deleted a 2013 article that called Epstein "one of the largest backers of cutting edge science" after The New York Times revealed its author, Drew Hendricks, had been paid $600 to submit it falsely as his own.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_169-2">[169]

According to attorney Gerald B. Lefcourt, Epstein was "part of the original group that conceived of the Clinton Global Initiative".<sup id="cite_ref-237">[237]  Epstein co-organized a science event with illusionist and skeptic Al Seckel called the Mindshift Conference.<sup id="cite_ref-:34_238-0">[238]  The conference took place in 2010 on Epstein's private island Little Saint James.<sup id="cite_ref-:34_238-1">[238]  In attendance were scientists Murray Gell-Mann, Leonard Mlodinow, and Gerald Sussman.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_34-1">[34]

The true extent of Epstein's donations is unknown. The Jeffrey Epstein VI Foundation fails to disclose information which other charities routinely disclose. Concerns have been raised over this lack of transparency. In 2015, the Attorney General of the state of New York was reported to be trying to gain information but was refused since the charities were based outside of the state and did not solicit in New York State.<sup id="cite_ref-239">[239]  Epstein, besides making donations through the Jeffrey Epstein VI Foundation, also made a number of charitable donations through his three private charities: Epstein Interest, the COUQ Foundation, and Gratitude American Ltd. According to federal tax filings, Epstein donated $30 million between 1998 and 2018, through these three charities.<sup id="cite_ref-240">[240]  Following his death, a number of scientists and institutions (notably Harvard University) came under criticism for accepting money from Epstein and his foundation, with some individuals offering to give away money donated by Epstein.<sup id="cite_ref-Millward_241-0">[241]

Interest in eugenics and transhumanism
According to various sources, Epstein, beginning in the early 2000s, showed a strong interest in improving the human race through genetic engineering and artificial intelligence, including using his own sperm. He addressed the scientific community at various events and occasions and communicated his fascination with eugenics.<sup id="cite_ref-242">[242]  It was reported in August 2019 that Epstein had planned to "seed the human race with his DNA" by impregnating up to 20 women at a time using his New Mexico compound as a "baby ranch", where mothers would give birth to his offspring. He was an advocate of cryonics and his own idiosyncratic version of transhumanism, and had said that he intended to have his penis and head frozen.<sup id="cite_ref-USATodayDNA_243-0">[243] <sup id="cite_ref-RefineryTranshumanism_244-0">[244]

Kathleen Hall Jamieson, director of the Annenberg Public Policy Center at the University of Pennsylvania said: "Scientists need funding for important work ... if the funding is for legitimate scientific work, there is nothing wrong with accepting support from a billionaire. However it would have been wrong for scientists to accept his funding if they were aware that he was planning a eugenics experiment that might draw legitimacy from his association with them." Professor George Church also publicly apologized for meeting Epstein after his 13-month sentence, saying "There should have been more conversations about, should we be doing this, should we be helping this guy? There was just a lot of nerd tunnel vision."<sup id="cite_ref-Millward_241-1">[241]

Death
Main article: Death of Jeffrey Epstein

Epstein's body moved from New York hospital to medical examiner's office, video from Voice of America

On July 23, three weeks prior to his death, Epstein was found unconscious in his jail cell with injuries to his neck.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_20190817_163-1">[163] <sup id="cite_ref-found_166-1">[166]  Epstein believed that he was attacked by his cellmate, who was awaiting trial for four counts of murder, while the correctional staff suspected attempted suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-nbcjail_83-2">[83] <sup id="cite_ref-:40_245-0">[245]  After that incident, he was placed on suicide watch.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_20190817_163-2">[163] <sup id="cite_ref-246">[246]  Six days later, on July 29, Epstein was taken off suicide watch and placed in a special housing unit with another inmate.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_20190817_163-3">[163]  Epstein's close associates said he was in "good spirits".<sup id="cite_ref-WashingtonPost_20190810_12-1">[12]

When Epstein was placed in the special housing unit, the jail informed the Justice Department that he would have a cellmate, and that a guard would look into the cell every 30 minutes. These procedures were not followed on the night of his death.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_20190810_247-0">[247] <sup id="cite_ref-NYT_20190817_163-4">[163] <sup id="cite_ref-:36_248-0">[248]  On August 9, Epstein's cellmate was transferred out, and no new replacement cellmate was brought in.<sup id="cite_ref-249">[249]  Later in the evening, in violation of the jail's normal procedure, Epstein was not checked every 30 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_20190810_247-1">[247] <sup id="cite_ref-NYT_20190817_163-5">[163] <sup id="cite_ref-:36_248-1">[248]  The two guards who were assigned to check his jail unit that night fell asleep and did not check on him for about three hours; the guards falsified related records.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_20190817_163-6">[163] <sup id="cite_ref-250">[250]  Two cameras in front of Epstein's cell also malfunctioned that night.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_15-1">[15]

Epstein was found dead in his cell at the Metropolitan Correctional Center (MCC) in New York City at 6:30 a.m. EDT on August 10, 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_suicide_251-0">[251] <sup id="cite_ref-:30_252-0">[252]  The Bureau of Prisons said lifesaving measures were initiated immediately upon the discovery of Epstein's body. Emergency responders were called and he was taken to a hospital. On August 10, the Bureau of Prisons and U.S. Attorney General William Barr called the death an apparent suicide, although no final determination had been made.<sup id="cite_ref-WashingtonPost_20190810_12-2">[12]  The circumstances leading up to his death are being investigated by the Justice Department.<sup id="cite_ref-253">[253] <sup id="cite_ref-254">[254]

Autopsy
On August 11, an autopsy was performed.<sup id="cite_ref-ABCCauseMore_Info_255-0">[255]  The preliminary result of the autopsy found that Epstein sustained multiple breaks in his neck bones, among the bones broken in Epstein's neck was the hyoid bone. Such breaks of the hyoid bone can occur from those who hang themselves, but they are more common in victims of homicide by strangulation. A 2010 study found broken hyoids in one-fourth of cases of hangings, and a larger study conducted from 2010 to 2016 found hyoid damage in just 16 of 264 cases, or six percent of cases of hangings. Hyoid bone breaks are more common in older individuals, as the bones become more brittle upon reaching middle age.<sup id="cite_ref-:38_256-0">[256]  Forensic pathologist Cyril Wecht noted that hanging by leaning forward would not result in broken cervical bones.<sup id="cite_ref-257">[257]

On August 16, Barbara Sampson, the New York City medical examiner, ruled Epstein's death a suicide by hanging.<sup id="cite_ref-Sisak_258-0">[258]  The medical examiner, according to Epstein's defense counsel, only saw nine minutes of footage from one security camera to help her arrive at her conclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-:39_14-1">[14]  Epstein's defense lawyers were not satisfied with the conclusion of the medical examiner and were conducting their own independent investigation into the cause of Epstein's death, including taking legal action, if necessary, to view the pivotal camera footage near his cell during the night of his death.<sup id="cite_ref-Frias_259-0">[259]  Epstein's lawyers said that the evidence concerning Epstein's death was "far more consistent" with murder than suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-:39_14-2">[14]  Michael Baden, an independent pathologist hired by the Epstein estate, observed the autopsy. On October 30 he said that in his opinion the autopsy findings were more consistent with "homicidal strangulation" rather than suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-260">[260]

Will and cameras
On August 18, it was reported that Jeffrey Epstein had signed his last will and testament on August 8, two weeks after being found injured in his cell and two days before his death.<sup id="cite_ref-:41_261-0">[261] <sup id="cite_ref-nbcjail_83-3">[83]  Until this time, Epstein had been depositing money in other inmates' commissary accounts to avoid being attacked.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_20190817_163-7">[163]  The signing of the will was witnessed by two attorneys that knew him. The will named two longtime employees as executors, and immediately gifted all of his assets, and any assets remaining in his estate, to a trust.<sup id="cite_ref-:41_261-1">[261]  It was reported a week later that at least one camera in the hallway outside Epstein's cell had footage that was unusable, although other usable footage was recorded in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-:40_245-1">[245]  Two cameras that malfunctioned in front of Epstein's cell were sent to an FBI crime lab for examination.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_15-2">[15]  Federal prosecutors subpoenaed up to 20 correctional officers concerning the cause of Epstein's death.<sup id="cite_ref-262">[262]

Investigations
Attorney General Barr ordered an investigation by the Department of Justice Inspector General in addition to the investigation by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, saying that he was "appalled" by Epstein's death in federal custody.<sup id="cite_ref-WashingtonPost_20190810_12-3">[12] <sup id="cite_ref-263">[263]  Two days later Barr said there had been "serious irregularities" in the prison's handling of Epstein, promising "We will get to the bottom of what happened, and there will be accountability."<sup id="cite_ref-264">[264]

On August 14, 2019, Manhattan federal court Judge Richard M. Berman, who was overseeing Epstein's criminal case, wrote to the Metropolitan Correctional Center warden Lamine N'Diaye inquiring as to whether an investigation into the millionaire's apparent suicide would include a probe into his prior (July 23) injuries. Judge Berman wrote that to his knowledge it has never been definitely explained what they concluded about the incident.<sup id="cite_ref-265">[265]

The national president of the Council of Prison Locals C-33, E. O. Young, stated that prisons "can't ever stop anyone who is persistent on killing themselves".<sup id="cite_ref-AFGE_266-0">[266]  Between 2010 and 2016, around 124 inmates killed themselves while in federal custody, or around 20 prisoners per year, out of an inmate population of 180,000.<sup id="cite_ref-267">[267] <sup id="cite_ref-268">[268]  The previous reported inmate suicide in the MCC facility in Manhattan was in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-269">[269]  The union leader Young said it was unclear if there was video of Epstein's hanging or direct observations by jail officials. He said that while cameras are ubiquitous in the facility, he did not believe that the interior of inmates' cells were within their range. Young said union officials had long been raising concerns regarding staffing, as the Trump administration had imposed a hiring freeze and budget cuts on the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP), adding "All this was caused by the administration."<sup id="cite_ref-AFGE_266-1">[266]

President Serene Gregg, of the American Federation of Government Employees Local 3148, said MCC is functioning with fewer than 70 percent of the needed correctional officers, forcing many to work mandatory overtime and 60 to 70-hour workweeks.<sup id="cite_ref-AFGE_266-2">[266] <sup id="cite_ref-270">[270]  The White House did not respond to requests for comment. In previous congressional testimony, Attorney General Barr admitted the BOP was "short" about 4,000 to 5,000 employees. He had lifted the freeze and was working to recruit sufficient new officers to replace those who had departed.<sup id="cite_ref-AFGE_266-3">[266]

Epstein's attorneys asked Judge Berman to probe their client's death, alleging they could provide evidence that the incident resulting his death was "far more consistent with assault" than suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-:39_14-3">[14]